Activity Based Costing as an Alternative to Traditional Product Costing Essay

If manufacturing overhead rates were allocated based on direct labor hours, the total manufacturing overhead cost for each product will seven hundred fifty thousand dollars ($750,000) and two hundred fifty thousand dollars ($250,000) for the mono-relay and bi-relay, respectively. This is computed by multiplying the one million dollars ($1,000,000) total manufacturing overhead with the total direct labor cost for each product over the total direct labor cost for both products. The manufacturing overhead cost per unit of product is eighteen dollars and seventy-five cents ($18. 75) and twenty-five dollars ($25) for the mono-relay and the bi-relay, respectively. This is arrived at by dividing the manufacturing overhead cost allocated to each product with the number of units produced. The total product cost is sixty-two dollars and seventy-two cents ($62. 75) and eighty-five dollars ($85) for the mono-relay and bi-relay, respectively. If the manufacturing overhead rate was allocated based on Activity Based Costing, the manufacturing overhead rate will be allocated to each activity pools as follows: maintaining parts – sixty thousand dollars ($60,000) and one hundred twenty thousand dollars ($120,000) for the mono-relay and bi-relay, respectively; processing – seventy-two thousand dollars ($72,000) and eighteen thousand dollars ($18,000) for the mono-relay and bi-relay, respectively; quality control – one hundred thousand dollars ($100,000) and one hundred thirty thousand dollars ($130,000) for the mono-relay and bi-relay, respectively; and machine-related overhead – two hundred thousand dollars ($200,000) and three hundred thousand dollars ($300,000) for the mono-relay and bi-relay, respectively. This is computed by multiplying the pre-determined overhead cost for each activity with ratio as given in the problem. The total manufacturing cost for each product is four hundred thirty-two thousand dollars ($432,000) and five hundred sixty-eight dollars ($568,000) for the mono-relay and bi-relay, respectively. The figure is arrived at by adding the manufacturing overhead allocated to the each activity pool for each of the product, as computed above. The unit product cost per unit of product, using Activity Based Costing, is ten dollar and eighty cents ($10. 8) and fifty-six dollars and eighty cents. The bi-relay is not more profitable than the mono-relay. Since the company is producing seventy-five percent less bi-relay than mono-relay, the cost of maintaining parts inventory, quality-control and machine-related cost is much higher per unit of bi-relay than mono-relay.

Slaves in the Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire existed from year 1453 to 1923 and was one of the largest and most well organized empires in world history. The Ottomans were very successful and conquered enormous territories with their large and professional standing armies. The Ottoman Empire was a slave society and slavery was very popular among the Ottomans. The sultan owned all property and had enormous power, and that was partly because he had so many slaves. That gave him much more control than if he had hired freemen, since slaves were always loyal but freemen could not be trusted in the same way.Islamic law regulates all aspects of the slave's status. It lays down the obligations of masters and slaves and determines the relations between them. The law commends manumission but does not require it. No distinction is made between types of slaves — such as according to color, function, or origin of servile state. During the early period of Islam, most of the slaves were prisoners-of-war captured by th e victorious Muslim armies. With the stabilization of the frontiers,†¦ this situation changed and many of the captives were exchanged or ransomed.Since the Sharia forbids the enslavement of free-born Muslims and Zimmis (protected minorities) who do not violate the conditions of their status, and since the various mechanisms of manumission and the absence of slave-breeding practices limited the ability of the slave population to reproduce itself, slaves had to be recruited from outside the Islamic world. Slaves in the Ottoman empire in general were brought from Eastern Europe and parts of Southern Russia. In the Islamic world slavery had religious rather than racial connotations, with most of the slaves in Ottoman history being Christians.The Ottomans had many European and Central Asian â€Å"Mameluk† slaves and the elite Janissary troops of the Ottoman army were all Christian-born slaves taken mostly from the Balkans Male and female slaves in the Ottoman Empire; what the ir status and rights were, what work they had to do and who they were. Most male slaves did military service. They were either bought from Spain, North Africa or Venice, captured in battle or acquired through devshirme. Devshirme was a system by which young Christians were recruited for the army or the imperial civil service.The sultan had agents that searched for promising Christian children who they then converted to Islam and trained to be janissary soldiers. But the best of these children, in terms of physique, intelligence and other qualities, were selected for education in the palace school, where they instead were trained for civil service. There were also some slaves who were personal servants or bodyguards. The sultan had slaves called â€Å"agents† who took care of his administrative and financial affairs, and these agents were actually the ruling class of the Ottoman society.They had the authority to collect revenues and their main function was to expand the wealth of the empire. Major slave import routes, 19 th Ottoman Empire Female slaves were mostly concubines or servants of their owners' wives. Slave concubinage was the central element of Ottoman reproductive policy and most sultans never married. They did not have to because in Muslim law a child held the legal status of his father and therefore a slave concubine's sons could claim the throne just as well as the sons of the sultan's wife or a freewoman.The slave concubines lived in the harems and if a concubine gave birth to a child she then took care of it until it, if it was a boy, became about ten years old, or if it was a girl, got married. A boy would then be given a province to govern and the mother would look after him and make sure that he behaved well. Some female slaves were given as gifts from lower officials to their superiors, for example the sultan, so that the lower officials would gain more status. There were not many powerful women in the Ottoman Empire, but one called H urrem, or later Roxelana, has become quite famous.She was a Russian slave who was purchased for Suleiman's harem and she soon became the sultan's favorite slave. They had five children, four of them which were sons, and after a time Suleiman visited only her. About eight years later he married her and Hurrem became the first woman who went from slave concubine to legal wife. An Ottoman source of the early 17th century explains the exemption of Muslim Turks from the Devshirme: â€Å"If they were to become slaves of the sultan, they would abuse this privilege. Their relatives in the provinces would oppress the reaya and not pay taxes.They would oppose the sanjak beyis and become rebels. But if the Christian children accept Islam, they become zealous in the faith and enemies of their relatives. † The government considered the Devshirme as an extraordinary levy on the reaya (tax paying subject) not as the enslavement of its own subjects. There were levies every three to seven yea rs, according to need. (Estimates very from 1000 to 3000 taken annually) When the youths arrived in Istanbul the best of them were selected as pages for the Palace. .. They then went to Palaces in Istanbul and Edirne to receive a special training, while the remainder were hired out†¦ to Turkish villagers in Anatolia before entering the January corps. According to Ottoman sources, Mehmed the Conqueror established this practice which was intended to teach the boys the Turkish language and Turkish customs. †¦ European observes record that the temperament and capabilities of each boy were carefully considered.Those who showed an ability in the religious sciences prepared for the religious professions; those proficient in the scribal arts prepared for a career in the bureaucracy. According to (one writer) who had himself been a page, the Palace education aimed to produce â€Å"the warrior statesman and loyal Muslim who at the same time should be a man of letters and polished s peech, profound courtesy and honest morals†. But its fundamental aim was to instill complete obedience and loyalty to the sultan. Slavery in the Ottoman Empire has been stated as comparatively mild, which is quite true.Great men (such as the sultan) cared much about their own safety and wanted a big and loyal slave household, and therefore they treated their slaves well and with kindness. Some slaves were actually wealthy and had slave households of their own, which proves that a slave career in the Ottoman Empire could be rather advantageous. People did not look down on slaves as if they were worth less, like it was the case in many other places in the world. Sometimes Christian parents even bribed the government to make them accept their children as slaves, since that meant social advancement for the children.Female slaves were sometimes abused by their owners though, but the mere fact that cases of such problems have been found in high court records tells us that slaves had quite an unusual position in the Ottoman society. Slave owners did apparently not have the right to do whatever they wanted with their slaves, even though they owned them. Ottomans had no history of segregation on racial grounds and many of those both black and white who were the descendants of slaves have intermarried with the Ottoman population.To sum it up, the male slaves in the Ottoman Empire were janissary soldiers, bodyguards, personal servants or civil service workers. Many of them were Christians who had been acquired through a system called devshrime when they were young. The female slaves in the Ottoman Empire were either slave concubines in the harem or servants of their owners' legal wife/wives. The slaves in the Ottoman Empire were not at the bottom of the society, they did actually have some status and many of them were wealthy.Slaves could even have their own slaves and gain power in the society. Slaves were accepted by the people and they sometimes had advantageous positions. It happened that Christian parents wanted their children to become slaves and they paid the government so that they would enslave their children. Though, after all they were slaves and they could not decide over their own life or do what they wanted to do, and it can be questioned if it really was something positive to be a slave. By Recep MAZ

The Fundamentals Of Economics With Modern Business...

Contrasting the Fundamentals of Economics with Modern Business Practices Divulging economist Adam Smith’s theory of wealth creation in William Nickels, James McHugh, and Susan McHugh’s book Understanding Business (2005), they summarize that despite a nucleus of self-interesting goals, business concludes by benefitting both self and extended community. Noting criticality in monetary reward for dedication and labor, Adam Smith believes an economy can prosper. Furthermore, in order for democratic capitalism to remain in balance and provision the greatest output, a culture of moral, ethical, and spiritual values are paramount. Sans these basic values, capitalism will fail. Exemplifying such failure is the 2006 verdict of Enron founder Kenneth Lay and Chief Executive Jeffrey Skilling. Convicted of conspiracy and security and wire fraud, these two men were sentenced to 165 and 185 years in prison respectively. This scandal not only tore their families apart, but affected the lives of 5,600 workers and their retirement futures. All of this was base d on greed and many decisions to evade accounting laws. Thus, despite a core desire of self-interest – aligning to Adam Smith’s theory – their lack of universal values in decision making resulted in immensely negative consequences. Napster, a web-based file sharing program (used namely for â€Å"sampling† music), stands another historical example of the power and fallout of poor business judgment. Allowing users free and unlimited access toShow MoreRelatedCorporate Social Responsibility ( Csr )1370 Words   |  6 PagesBusiness personalities, government officials, and loans are hedging more attention on the concept of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). The core issue is the appropriate responsibility of business. 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Contribution Of Entrepreneurs And New Zealand Business...

Introduction The Investopedia defines the entrepreneur as a person who starts his own business by taking lot of risks. (Entrepreneur, 2014). Most of the large organisations around the world have been started by entrepreneurs. The contribution of entrepreneurs to a country’s business environment holds a high value. EY Entrepreneur of The Year Award s Director, Jon Hooper stated that â€Å"Successful entrepreneurs have an extraordinary passion, self-belief and that keeps them going when others might give up. Because of this, they are able to make a significant contribution to New Zealand’s economy and to the community by creating jobs, driving productivity, fuelling growth and inspiring others† (EY, 2014). Entrepreneurs are contributing in various ways to the business environment and some of them will be by providing employment, growing economy, innovating new technologies, creating market competitiveness and also by providing contributions to the society. 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Thl8234 - Advanced Theory of Poetry - 1969 Words

2013 Study Unit: THL8234 (Advance Theory of Poetry) Assignment Number: 02 Part 1: Textual Analysis of Poetry Question 1: Sketching a Thatcher with metaphors It is certainly true that one of the distinguishing features of poetic texts is the use of figurative or non-literal language – this essay highlights the fact that metaphors do contribute to the understanding of a poem. Ted Hughes’ poem, Sketching a Thatcher, is loaded with vivid imagery and ample metaphorical constructions which aids to validate this fact. In order to uncover the message behind this poem, one must take a closer look at the arguments, focus expressions and tenor/vehicle constructions of at least six local metaphorical constructions†¦show more content†¦The argument â€Å"Lizard-silk† is qualified by the focus expression â€Å"his lizard-skinny hands†. This construction leads one to understand that the thatcher’s hands (tenor) are skinny (adjectival focus) like a lizard (vehicle/ argument), suggesting that the old man’s hands are dry, bony and battered from thatching roofs over the years. The interesting part of the c onstruction is the argument of â€Å"Lizard-silk†, as silk can be associated with qualities of smoothness and elegance, unlike a lizard. This might suggest that –although the old thatcher’s hands are dry and worn out from thatching roofs– he does his work with elegance and grace and makes sure that he does the job right. The sixth and final local metaphorical construction to be explored can be found in line twenty nine, â€Å"Suns have worn him, like an old sun-tool†. Instead of just using animals the poets makes use of nature to help portray the image of the old thatcher. The thatcher (tenor) has spent many a year thatching roofs under the heat of the sun, and has become tanned and rusty like his tools. There are ample metaphorical constructions to be explored in this poem; however, these six constructions are adequate in giving a clear description of the old thatcher and his way of life, thus proving how figurative language does contribute to the understanding ofShow MoreRelatedThl8234 - Advanced Theory of Poetry1985 Words   |  8 Pages2013 Study Unit: THL8234 (Advance Theory of Poetry) Assignment Number: 02 Part 1: Textual Analysis of Poetry Question 1: Sketching a Thatcher with metaphors It is certainly true that one of the distinguishing features of poetic texts is the use of figurative or non-literal language – this essay highlights the fact that metaphors do contribute to the understanding of a poem. Ted Hughes’ poem, Sketching a Thatcher, is loaded with vivid imagery and ample metaphorical constructions

Effects on Household Demand Coffee and Tea

Question: Discuss about the Effects on Household Demand for Coffee and Tea. Answer: Introduction It is well-known that, demand as well as supply is crucial ideas that are commonly utilized by the business firms to fulfill the demands of customers in an appropriate manner. These both are the key aspects in the area of economics. Moreover, demand and supply have a major effect on each other. They influence the demand and supply of a product or service in the marketplace. These both ideas assume a noteworthy part to choose the cost and amount of a specific item or product. The connection of free market activity is fundamental to decide the cost of an item in the commercial center. In addition to this, this research essay would be valuable to portray the main considerations that may have an impact on the demand and supply of a product or service in a market. With regards to this examination exposition, I might want to choose espresso as an item to depict the central point that may influence demand as well as supply of the chosen item. On the whole, this research essay would be helpf ul to increase the knowledge of the researchers about these important factors of the economics. Demand Supply In economic aspects, demand as well as supply of a good as well as service may impact by lots of elements. The main considerations that can influence demand and additionally supply of espresso in the Australia market are depicted as beneath: Cost of a Commodity: Beyond any doubt cost is a key component that influences demand and supply of a ware. Costs of products or services have an impact on the demand as well as supply side of an item. As per the law of interest, if the cost of an item raises then the supply of that item abatements and vice versa. For case in point, if espressos cost will drop off then the demand and supply of espresso will raise automatically in the Australian market. The principle explanation for it is that the diminished costs of an item instigate clients to purchase greater amount quickly (Griffith, OConnell and Smith, 2015). Price of Alternate Goods: This is additionally other central point that affects the demand and supply of a product. In the event that the substitute merchandise is accessible at the brought down value then individuals will pick the substitute items in inclination to their favored item. For instance, Tea, Postum, Qishr, Caro, and so on are the real substitutes of espresso (Hirschey and Bentzen, 2016). On the off chance that the cost of espresso is high in the nation then individuals will demonstrate their enthusiasm for the buy of its substitute merchandise. The increased demand of substitute products will reduce the demand and supply of espresso in the market. The decreased demand of espresso will boost the demand as well as supply of its alternate goods inside the country. Wage Level of Consumers: The pay level of customers is the other key component that influences demand and supply of a ware. An expanded pay level assumes a noteworthy part keeping in mind the end goal to build the demand of an item. The fundamental explanation for it is that, with the assistance of an expanded pay level, individuals turn out to be more ready to buy a product in the favored amount. An expanded wage level additionally increment the supply of an item in the market. It is a result of when the demand of the item will build then the supply of that item will likewise increment naturally (Mina, Lahr and Hughes, 2013). For instance, an expanded salary level of individuals will build the demand of espresso in the Australian market. It is a direct result of individuals will incline toward espresso rather than other substitute items that are low-valued in contrast with espresso. A diminished pay level will likewise impact the demand and supply of an item. For instance, abatement in the salary level of buyers will decrease the demand and supply of espresso in the commercial center. It is a direct result of, in this circumstance, the item would not be reasonable for the brought down pay individuals of the country. Rivalry: Competition is an imperative element that straightforwardly impacts the demand of an item/ware. There are a lot of coffee suppliers and therefore; there is a situation of high rivalry in the marketplace of Australia. On the off chance, if a firm diminishes its costs then the clients will buy its items instead of others. If a rival offers a different kind of espresso with new flavors tastes then individuals will definitely show their interests in new tastes in place of old tastes. Therefore rivalry is viewed as a central point that influences the demand and supply of an item with no uncertainty (Kolk, 2013). Preferences of Consumers: The tastes and inclinations of shoppers likewise impact the demand and supply of an item straightforwardly. In the event that clients don't perceive any adjustment in the essence of espresso and feel exhausted with a similar taste then they can move towards the other substitute result of espresso(Yohannes and Matsuda, 2016).. In addition, climate additionally influences the demand and supply of espresso. It is because of people generally preferred hot beverages in winter season instead of summer. As a result, the demand as well as supply of espresso will absolutely rise in the winter season. Hope of Price Change in Future: The chances of cost change in future have an effect on the current demand and supply of products or services. For instance, if costs of espresso will increment in future then individuals might want to store a tremendous amount of espresso. This will expand the demand of espresso in the marketplace (Hirschey, 2008). Conclusion On the premise of above study, it can be anticipated that, demand as well as supply is the most important aspects in the context of economics. These both concepts share a strong relationship. One concept influences another concept automatically. Along with this, it is also observed that, demand and supply influence the economic growth of the nations in both positive and negative manner. Additionally, there are various components including price, alternate goods price, wages level, rivalry, and so on that may impact demand as well as supply of a good or service in the marketplace. References Griffith, R., OConnell, M. and Smith, K. (2015). Relative prices, consumer preferences, and the demand for food. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 31(1), pp. 116-130. Available At: https://academic.oup.com/oxrep/article/31/1/116/433336/Relative-prices-consumer-preferences-and-the [Accessed On: 7th April 2017] Hirschey, M. (2008). Fundamentals of Managerial Economics. USA: Cengage Learning. Hirschey, M. and Bentzen, E. (2016). Managerial Economics. USA: Cengage Learning. Kolk, A. (2013). Mainstreaming sustainable coffee. Sustainable Development, 21(5), pp. 324-337. Available At: https://pure.uva.nl/ws/files/1550595/141906_SSRN_id1713977.pdf [Accessed On: 7th April 2017] Mina, A., Lahr, H. and Hughes, A. (2013). The demand and supply of external finance for innovative firms. Industrial and Corporate Change, 22(4), pp. 869-901. Available At: https://academic.oup.com/icc/article/22/4/869/754182/The-demand-and-supply-of-external-finance-for [Accessed On: 7th April 2017] Yohannes, M. F. and Matsuda, T. (2016). Weather Effects on Household Demand for Coffee and Tea in Japan. Agribusiness, 32(1), pp. 33-44.

The Superiority of Word Processor to Paper and Pencil an Example by

The Superiority of Word Processor to Paper and Pencil Paper and pencil was long ago the original means of documentation, the advent of electronics means in the late 1960s by IBM (International Business Machine) generated arguments on the economic implications to the manufacturers of paper and pencil. Despite the invention of easy documentation and swift processing to finishing hard copy, it is of note worthy that the importance of pencil and paper usage in documenting data is still of importance in the present world. Need essay sample on "The Superiority of Word Processor to Paper and Pencil" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Though some may insist that recording data with word processor is superior to pencil and paper, I still question the persistent flying around of paper and pencil in the country and even in nations abroad in terms of existence far back in the beginning, paper and pencil has been in use and its place so far has not been occupied with the advent of word processor. This simply emphasizes that the word of documentation can hardly do without the ancient material. Even the so called word processor would need manuscript collection before the final input to electronic word processor software in computer system. In this regard, word processor is somehow dependant on paper and pencil instructions from the author. The appreciation of the use of word processor on the other hand must be pronounced. Excellence in documentation in the recent world requires direct slotting of data into computer system right away without holding paper and pencil. I still argue that the time consumed in multiple exercise of thinking, typing and editing equate the time spend on word processor to manual writing. May be they are right anyway, since the paper and pencil application would still require the touch of electronic word processing before final produce into circulating copies. One wonders how long it will take to produce handy copy of speech presentation to thousand of audience in a conference. Weighing the two sides, my unbiased view would agree with the category of intellectuals that believe in the superiority of word processor to paper and pencil. Reference The New York Times, September 12, 1972