Environmental Law and Issue Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Environmental Law and Issue. Answer: Introduction Environmental lawis the collective term for all valid statutes, treaties, customary and common laws, regulations, etc. that prevent environment from further damage by addressing harmful activities carried out by humans in a lawful manner, ensuring safety and protection. The basic message of mostenvironmental laws is to address the dire situation of pollution affecting the planet quite drastically. Another series of regulatory terminologies, better known for the protection of natural and minerals, also has a strong effect on the overall position of theenvironmental laws as a whole (Percival et al,2015). There are several other categories as well that effect the environmental laws greatly. The issue of overpopulation and its effects on water resources Every day the population of Australia increases exponentially, it is not a coincidence that 70% of seafood consumption in Australia is imported from foreign lands and not from Queensland and Victoria which each hold significant bodies of water that have be known for their diverse pelagic species. Electricity bills for seafood producers have rocketed and the infrastructure to support the seafood producing plants have to be maintained extensively and not just that, landfill construction below the Sidney Basin have come to a temporary halt (Goldie and Betts, 2014). The root of these problems rests with the extensive growth of Australias population which without a doubt, compromises the availability of food, water, fresh air and also other non-environmental things like education. The population burst and the high rate of the Australian dollar coupled with the ever-increasing heat and drought, results to the degradation of the environment and also the reduction of necessary resources for survival (Mora, 2014). It can be seen via various recent studies that since 2010, the rate of migration has increased by 20% and in most Australian states and localities, 80% of total area is supposedly dominated by the extra migrants together with the residents. This phenomenon would not just result in the loss of food and water but also the reduction of free land and land free from fragmentation which is considered wild which. This mass-migration leads to deforestation and a very significant damage to the environment, scarring it for eternity. If such situations (mass-migration and land fragmentation) are not controlled quickly, then environmental degradation as a result of these issue will continue to increase, leaving the Australian environment and economy in shambles. In the country of Australia, The Environment Protection, and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act) is one of the main pieces of legislation that controls the set of environmental laws as a whole (Uniyalet al, 2016). The EPBC Act provides a framework to legally protect the precious floral and faunal factors of the ecological environment. The Act also focuses on specifying places of great heritage, environmental importance as they are listed by reference to threatened species or places of heritage of environmental importance. The purpose of the EPBC Act is, Conservation of Australian Biodiversity, maintaining a proper assessment on the environment in a streamlined basis, promotion of sustainable development, etc. Water management policies and legislations The main topic of discussion in this project would be management of water resources as a whole in the Australian continent and the various laws affecting it. Australia has always faced major issues in maintaining sustainability in water supply while facing drying climatic conditions, drought and escalating demand for drinking water. Responding to that, the Government provided federal leadership in water policy and several legal legislation reforms for all Australian citizens. (Water Act. 2007 helps the metrological department of Australia in providing weather related data) Australia leads other nations when taking into consideration its various approaches in the management of water resource (Froscioet al, 2016). Several pieces of legislation such as the Water Act 2007, provide proper water marketing system and maintaining the system for sale and purchase. The Australian Government pledges to develop the water reform policies, in order to ensure the most sustainable use of its resourc es unlike any other nation in the world. Various Water legislation of Australia The State and Federal Government have provided a series of legislation designed not only to help in the sustainable use of water in the country, but have also played a major role in protecting the resource and its utility, some of the acts are: Water Act, 2007: The said act started on the 3rd of September, 2007 and was later amended by thefamous Water Amendment Act of 2008 on the 8th ofDecember, 2008, which followed the Memorandum of Understanding discussed and professed in March 2008 considering the MurrayDarling Basin Reforms and theIntergovernmental Agreement on the stated and discussed reform on July 2008 (Docker and Robinson, 2014). In addition to starting up the MDBA the Water Act also: Provides functional duties with respect to charge of water and rules of water market to the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC). Maintains the Commonwealth Environmental Water Holder (CEWH). Provides functional relation to water information to the Bureau of Meteorology. For example, the water act provides water licensing and proper water marketing system to benefit proper legal use of the resource and its sustainability. Water Efficiency Labelling and Standards Act, 2005: Water Efficiency Labelling and Standards Act (WELS) is one of Australia's efficiency of water and its labelling schemes that deals with certain products that are to be registered and then labeled along with their respective efficiency of water in accordance with the standardized set framework under the national Water Efficiency Labelling and Standards Act started in the year 2005. The WELS and its scheme completed its successive fifth year of operating brilliance in the year 2009-10. Upholding consistently with the requirements presented in the section 76 of the said Water Efficiency Labelling and Standards Act 2005, an independent review of the scheme's first five years of operation was undertaken (Lowet al, 2015). The review was required to consider the appropriateness, effectiveness and efficiency of the scheme and made recommendations for its improvement. This act creating a system of security by which water from different resources are labeled according to their pollutant content. Water Regulation, 2008: The Regulations commenced on 30 June 2008 and give effect to a range of matters provided for in the Water Act 2007. Part 7 of the Water Regulations deals with water information. It sets out the detailed requirements of the water information framework established by the Water Act 2007. It defines who must give specified water information to the Bureau, and the time and format in which it must be given. The Regulations individually name over 200 organizations which are required to give the Bureau specified water information that is in their possession, custody or control (Radcliffe, 2015). The Bureau has an open and transparent approach to maintaining and developing Part 7 of the Regulations. The regulations provide proper water custody and guides authorities in to provide drinking water judiciously considering the resources in the country. Water Market Rules, Reports, and Charges: The Australian reports for the water market 201516 show very distinctive but comprehensive annual statistical report on activities regarding water trading all across the Australian continent betwee?n the 200708 and 201516. The report describes the supply and demand of water and the various conditions that affect them. Trade volumes and marketprices for all surface water and groundwater markets in Australian Continent are also kept in check. Various National Water Reforms The implementation, safeguard, initiative, reformation and any other activity of national significance falls on the shoulders of the Council of Australian Governments (COAG), same can be said that the same council takes decisions regarding the reforms of water as well. Since the year 2004, the COAG has taken multiple initiatives on the development of water as a resource and its reformation, such as: Appropriate pricing of water, its storage and its delivery. Expansion of water trade Provisional water plans for environmental safety. Redirecting stress from burdened water systems. Management of public wants and demands. Introduction of water right registers and introducing principles and ideas for accounting of water (Davies and Wright, 2014.). The principles along with many more have been stringently safeguarding the water system in Australia. Considering the various laws and acts that were stated and discussed in the above sections of the project report, it can be said that the government of Australia is doing a fine job regarding the policies of water management. The various initiatives taken by the COAG were not only economically viable but were the best options that could have been taken in a worst case scenario to benefit in a long term basis (Wheeler, 2014). Considering that Australia is comparatively arid and deserted the value of water as powerful resource increases staggeringly, the EPBC act did a fine job in managing such a crisis in the best possible manner without harming the basic human requirements. Though, not all plans are perfect, for even better water management development, rain harvesting can be practiced in a large scale, the government can establish provisions for house to have water storage facilities driven off of rain harvesting (Peterson, 2016). Not just that, the government can proceed with intro ducing river protection schemes and treatment of industrial n7 the tides of a well-developed water management project. Conclusion Population density can also lead to a disability in the water management schemes of a country, but above all else, such situations can be properly managed if the government assigns a suitable amount of capital only to be utilized for water management schemes. In addition to this, the government must always be on the lookout for implementing new, eco-friendly technologies when it comes to proper treatment of water and water based resources. References Davies, P.J. and Wright, I.A., 2014. A review of policy, legal, land use and social change in the management of urban water resources in Sydney, Australia: A brief reflection of challenges and lessons from the last 200 years.Land Use Policy,36, pp.450-460. Docker, B. and Robinson, I., 2014. Environmental water management in Australia: experience from the Murray-Darling Basin.International Journal of Water Resources Development,30(1), pp.164-177. Froscio, S.M., Bolton, N., Cooke, R., Wittholz, M. and Cunliffe, D., 2016. The South Australian Safe Drinking Water Act: summary of the first year of operation.Journal of water and health,14(3), pp.460-470. Goldie, J. and Betts, K. eds., 2014.Sustainable futures: linking population, resources and the environment. Csiro Publishing. Low, K.G., Grant, S.B., Hamilton, A.J., Gan, K., Saphores, J.D., Arora, M. and Feldman, D.L., 2015. Fighting drought with innovation: Melbourne's response to the Millennium Drought in Southeast Australia.Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water,2(4), pp.315-328. Mora, C., 2014. Revisiting the environmental and socioeconomic effects of population growth: a fundamental but fading issue in modern scientific, public, and political circles.Ecology and Society,19(1). Percival, R.V., Schroeder, C.H., Miller, A.S. and Leape, J.P., 2015.Environmental regulation: Law, science, and policy. Wolters Kluwer Law Business. Peterson, E.L., 2016. Transcontinental assessment of secure rainwater harvesting systems across Australia.Resources, Conservation and Recycling,106 Radcliffe, J.C., 2015. Water recycling in Australiaduring and after the drought.Environmental Science: Water Research Technology,1(5), pp.554-562. Uniyal, S., Paliwal, R., Kaphaliya, B. and Sharma, R.K., 2016. Human Overpopulation: Impact on Environment.Environmental Issues Surrounding Human Overpopulation,738(632), p.1. Wheeler, S.A., 2014. Insights, lessons and benefits from improved regional water security and integration in Australia.Water Resources and Economics,8, pp.57-78.

Improving Otc Cycle at Woolworths Online Store

Question: Discuss about the Improving Otc Cycle at Woolworths Online Store. Answer: Introduction The key factor to the success of any company is its zeal to constantly develop and sustain in the market providing quality products and ensuring customer satisfaction. To achieve this the company should have the capability to change according to the market and revise the way it functions. All the functions of a company follow one or the other process that has been designed to optimize the cost without a compromise in the quality and produce reliable goods or services. A process design determines how things are carried out in an organization. The design has to be able to improve the various operation performance objectives such as cost, quality, speed, dependability and flexibility. Innovative ideas and creative thinking can help increase the performance of every aspect in a process (Laguna, 2013). One of the most commonly used process in any company is the order to cash cycle. This cycle has been successfully implemented in one of Australias most renowned supermarket chain, The Woolworths supermarkets. About the company Woolworths supermarket chain is owned by the Woolworths limited. It operates with 961 stores across Australia. The supermarket chain is well known for its tag line The Fresh Food People. One of the leading stand out of this market chain is that they obtain 96% of fruits and vegetables from Australian farmers and 100% of their meat products from Australian growers there by becoming one of the most indigenous company is Australia. Woolworths supermarkets has opened up to online retailing and the most recent idea to step into the world of mobile applications has put the company in the limelight (Wang, 2015). The groceries can be booked online and can be delivered to the customer or the customer has the option to pick them up from stores. Online stores provide the flexibility to order on the go there by engaging more customers. Customers who dont have the time to visit supermarkets or have a large number of groceries to be delivered or those who like to order in the convenience of their home find online stores as a better choice (Jiang 2013). Order to Cash cycle Order to cash cycle is the business process used to take customer requests for product bookings, delivering them to the customers and receiving cash in return (Korotina, 2015). A simple order cash cycle is shown below. When a customer requests for a product, it is called an order. The supplier takes this order and creates a booking and requests the concerned department to prepare this order. The order is packed according to the requirements of the customer and is sent out for delivery. An invoice along with the products is provided to the customer and the payment for the same is received. In case of online retail invoice and payment can be done along with the order placement. Order, pack, deliver, invoice and payments are each sub processes and can be done in several ways (Nelson, 2012). The next section describes how each of this sub process is carried out at Woolworths and how each of it can be tweaked to improve the five main performance objectives. Current process in Woolworths and steps to improve it Order Interface Current process: Woolworths supermarkets is an online retail store, hence takes orders on the website or the mobile app. Their operating website is https://www.woolworths.com.au/ . Such stores lack the ability to provide the customer with the touch and feel of the product. The customer relies on the user interface and the images of the goods provided, to decide whether or not to buy a product (Su, 2013). It is extremely crucial that the interface provided is simple and user friendly. The current Woolworths interface though good at what it does is not efficient enough for easy user navigation Improving performance objective (Dependability): Since the interface is the first thing the customer will notice when logged into the website, it needs to be appealing to the customer (Zhang, 2013). The menu needs to be replaced with words rather the pictures as the images of fresh fruit, fresh vegetable. Organic food, herbs all look alike. Also, the search bar should be much quicker in obtaining the correct results only thereby increasing the dependability of the website. Selecting the products Current Process: The products are categorized based on their type. Each product has an image with their rate and can be added to the trolley. Improving performance objective (Quality and dependability): Each product should have an additional feature that displays the number of times this particular product has been brought by customers. This feature enables the customer to choose wisely when there are multiple variants of the same product, thereby allowing the customer to depend on the website while making a choice (Bianchi, 2012). This indirectly certifies the quality of the product as well. List Current Process: The website allows the customer to save a product to a list making it as a default product that customer regularly buys. This is restricted to three products Improving performance objective (Speed, dependability and flexibility): The customer once logged in should be allowed to create multiple lists that can store up to 100 products. Once a customer is used to shop online for groceries and is constantly being delivered with quality products, they tend to return and purchase frequently (Lee, 2016). The ability to create a list helps the customer in saving the products that he buys regularly there by increasing the speed of purchase. The website saves this list for the customer and hence the customer can depend on it to retrieve the list rather than preparing one every time. The ability to change the contents of the list allows flexibility. Recommended products Current process: The current website only provides the list of products that are on a discounted price Improving performance objective (Dependability): The website should provide recommendations depending the products regularly ordered by the customer (Mosteller, 2014). Tracking the orders and lists of customers and displaying frequently brought products or products that are usually brought together will provide the customer with more options. In case the customer forgets to buy the something there is a high chance that he will find that product in the recommended list. Storing purchases and customer information Current process: The website currently doesnt store customer purchases. Improving performance objective (Speed, quality, cost): The website should be able to store a master data of the customers addresses along with the products purchased by them (Rollins, 2012). This will give the company detailed information regarding which products are sold in which area. The supermarket can hence recommend products on the website faster depending on the area of the customer. Also, this data would help the company stock the products that are sold quickly there by decreasing their cost in other forms of sales forecasting. Once the company is aware of the frequently brought products it can work at how to improve the quality of these products there by satisfying the customers. Feedback Current Process: Woolworths has not implemented feedback requests. Improving performance objective (Dependability): As mentioned earlier, the major issue with an online purchase is that the customer lacks the touch and feel of the product. Also, when a customer comes to a store to purchase he has the opportunity to select groceries that he thinks are of quality. It is not practical to accept returns on groceries as this would just increase the cost due to delivery and pickups. The best way to deal with these situations is to request customer for feedback (Berlin, 2013). A feedback form can be sent to the customer after every delivery asking him to rate the products. This would help the company in understanding which products of top quality and which products need to be improved. Packing Current Process: The current process of Woolworths is highly efficient. The company has been in the retail market for a long time and has found a reliable way to quickly procure and pack the various items requested by the customer. Each employee in the warehouse is given an invoice and they have to pack the complete invoice Improving performance objective (Speed): The order has to be divided into categories and employees should be stationed for each category. Employee receives the order number along with the items belonging to his category alone. The employee packs these products and tags them with the order number (Jostler, 2013). All the products are collected at one place and are regrouped based on the order number. This solution improves speed of packing but compromises on dependability as the chance of order mix ups are high. Delivery Delivery slots Current Process: The website allows user to choose slots for delivery. Each slot is of three hours. This means that the delivery of groceries can happen anytime in these three hours. The first slot is 6:00 am to 9:00 am which can be an issue for a working customer if the delivery happens 15 minutes before the end time. Improving performance objective (Flexibility): In urban areas people prefer slots in the early morning or late evening as the number of working population is large (Chen, 2016). Hence more number of slots with a shorter intervals of 2 hours when introduced attracts more customers. Slot change Current process: The delivery person calls the customer only when he is close to the area of the customer. The customer may reschedule the delivery on call as he may not be available though he booked the slot. This leads to unnecessary cost. Improving performance objective (Cost, Speed): The website should have the facility to reschedule orders without cancelling them. This will ensure that time and money are not wasted into trying to make a delivery when the customer is not available (Casazza, 2016). The route of delivery can also be modified to ensure faster deliveries. Express Delivery Current process: Woolworths currently does not provide the option of express delivery. Improving performance objective (Speed, dependability): Express delivery is an option where the products can be delivered to the customer within an hour or two depending on the area of the customer (Ferdinand, 2015). The supermarket can charge extra delivery charges for an express delivery. This process can be easily implemented by internally rescheduling the slot to the closest delivery to that area. This increases the speed of delivery and the customer can always rely on the website for urgent orders. Invoicing Producing bill copies: Current process: Woolworths provides a list of all the groceries bought buy the customer along with the total amount to be paid while placing the order itself. A paper bill is also available along with the delivered groceries Improving performance objective (Cost, dependability): Instead of providing a paper bill, Woolworths needs to completely migrate to online billing. The user can login at any time to see past bills and can take print of it only when necessary (Dixon, 2014). This concept is eco-friendly. Also when a bill is available online the customer can use it to check where the products prices have increased or decreased. Payment Payment methods used Current process: This is the biggest drawback for Woolworths online store. They accept only credit card and gift cards. More payment methods need to be added to the website making it flexible. Improving performance objective (Speed, dependability, flexibility): A Woolworths wallet needs to be introduced. The customer can transfer amount into this wallet and use to pay for products bought on the Woolworths site. This increases the speed of each transaction. They should also allow customers to pay via cash on delivery, where the delivery person can collect the amount once the goods are delivered (Gangeshwer, 2013). A card swipe machine can also be carried by the delivery person to make it easier to the customer. All the above mentioned improvements in topic 4 will effect cost indirectly as when rightly implemented all of these suggestion will increase the customer base. And more customers leads to more sales. Conclusion Order to cash cycle has been implemented hundreds of times in various companies. The key to any process to work efficient is to be able to incorporate ideas that will enhance the process to increase its usability. The five performance objectives cost, quality, speed, flexibility and dependability are vital to understand if the process being implemented is producing desired outcome (Krajewski, 2013). Not all processes are designed to accommodate all the five objectives. Some organizations may believe in producing extremely high quality products even if the cost of the product is high and the speed of production is low. While there are other organizations that would like the five objectives to be at an optimal level. Thus process design has no particular rules or strategies to be followed. Strategies are selective implemented depending on the need of the company. Note that no matter what process one uses and how many every times one changes the process, the quality of the goods have to be always up to the mark (Wiengarten, 2013). As customers prefer a good quality product at a reasonable price even if it is a little difficult to obtain. References Berlin, J., 2013. Method and system for managing business feedback online. U.S. Patent Application 13/946,915. Bianchi, C. and Andrews, L., 2012. Risk, trust, and consumer online purchasing behaviour: a Chilean perspective. International Marketing Review, 29(3), pp.253-275. Casazza, M., Ceselli, A. and Ltocart, L., 2016. Optimizing Time Slot Allocation in Single Operator Home Delivery Problems. In Operations Research Proceedings 2014 (pp. 91-97). Springer International Publishing. Chen, C.C.F. and Chen, Y.C.C., 2016. A Dynamic Programming Model for Attended Delivery Time Slot Management. In Transportation Research Board 95th Annual Meeting (No. 16-0559). Dixon, G.N., Kwok, T.Y.K., Laredo, J.A., Maradugu, S., Nguyen, T.N. and White, B.L., International Business Machines Corporation, 2014. Systems and methods to associate invoice data with a corresponding original invoice copy in a stack of invoices. U.S. Patent 8,650,221. Ferdinand, F.N., Kim, H.B. and Ko, C.S., 2015. Design of Pick-up and Delivery Routes for Strategic Alliance in Express Delivery Services. à ­Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã…“à ªÃ‚ µÃ‚ ­ SCM à ­Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ­Ã… ¡Ã…’à ¬Ã‚ §Ã¢â€š ¬, 15(1), pp.63-70 Gangeshwer, D.K., 2013. E-Commerce or Internet Marketing: A Business Review from Indian Context. International Journal of u-and e-Service, Science and Technology, 6(6), pp.187-194. Jiang, L., Yang, Z. and Jun, M., 2013. Measuring consumer perceptions of online shopping convenience. Journal of Service Management, 24(2), pp.191-214. Jostler, J., Jostler, J. and Berg, S.O., Pronova Ab, 2013. Method of sealingly packing piece goods in a bag, as well as bag units adapted herefor. U.S. Patent 8,425,388. Korotina, A., Mller, O. and Debortoli, S., 2015. Real-time Business Process Intelligence. Comparison of different architectural approaches using the example of the order-to-cash process. In Wirtschaftsinformatik (pp. 1710-1724). Krajewski, L.J., Ritzman, L.P. and Malhotra, M.K., 2013. Operations management: processes and supply chains. Pearson. Laguna, M. and Marklund, J., 2013. Business process modeling, simulation and design. CRC Press. Lee, R.J., Sener, I.N., Mokhtarian, P.L. and Handy, S.L., 2016. Relationships between the Online and In-Store Shopping Frequency of Davis, California Residents. In Transportation Research Board 95th Annual Meeting (No. 16-4402). Mosteller, J., Donthu, N. and Eroglu, S., 2014. The fluent online shopping experience. Journal of Business Research, 67(11), pp.2486-2493 Nelson, H.J., Poels, G., Genero, M. and Piattini, M., 2012. A conceptual modeling quality framework. Software Quality Journal, 20(1), pp.201-228. Rollins, M., Bellenger, D.N. and Johnston, W.J., 2012. Customer information utilization in business-to-business markets: Muddling through process?. Journal of Business Research, 65(6), pp.758-764. Su, L. and Tang, M., 2013. Interface Design Effects on Webpage: A Theoretical Study and Website Evaluation. Wang, Z., 2015. Supermarkets and gasoline: An empirical study of bundled discounts. Resources for the Future Discussion Paper, pp.15-44. Wiengarten, F., Fynes, B., Cheng, E.T. and Chavez, R., 2013. Taking an innovative approach to quality practices: exploring the importance of a companys innovativeness on the success of TQM practices. International Journal of Production Research, 51(10), pp.3055-3074. Zhang, X. and Qin, F., 2013. Oriented Research of Color Emotion in E-commerce Website Interface. In Cloud Computing (pp. 222-228). Springer International Publishing.

Lean logistics in Air force

Explicación sencilla del sistema educativo en EE.UU.

Explicacià ³n sencilla del sistema educativo en EE.UU. Para los recià ©n llegados a Estados Unidos, el sistema educativo es uno de los grandes misterios y uno de los temas que ms inquietudes plantea. Para navegarlo exitosamente es importante entender los puntos bsicos de la educacià ³n obligatoria. En este artà ­culo se resuelven dudas sobre quà © aà ±os comprende la educacià ³n obligatoria, tipos de escuelas, cules son los grados y, finalmente, temas especiales como estatus migratorio y escuelas pà ºblicas, alimentos, educacià ³n especial, etc. Aà ±os de educacià ³n obligatoria en EE.UU.: K-12 En Estados Unidos la educacià ³n es obligatoria entre los grados K-12, esto quiere decir, entre kindergarten -preescolar- al grado 12. Lo que no es tan claro es a quà © edad se debe comenzar en kindergarten y a cul finalizar los estudios obligatorios ya que cada estado establece sus propias reglas. Pero en general puede decirse que en algà ºn punto entre los 5 y los 8 aà ±os los nià ±os deben escolarizarse y deben estudiar hasta los 16 o, en algunos estados, 18-19 aà ±os. Por ejemplo, en California es obligatoria la enseà ±anza entre las edades de 6 y 18 aà ±os, pero se permite dejar de estudiar a los 16 si el estudiante se ha graduado de high school o ha obtenido el tà ­tulo equivalente que se conoce como CHSPE y, adems, tiene el permiso de sus padres. Por otro lado, en Connecticut la educacià ³n es obligatoria entre los 5 y los 18 aà ±os, permitiendo la ley multas y cargos delictivos contra los padres que no envà ­an a sus hijos a las escuelas.  ¿Dà ³nde deben escolarizarse los nià ±os? Estados Unidos brinda un amplio abanico de posibilidades para enviar a las escuelas a nià ±os, desde escuelas pà ºblicas y todas sus variedades o privadas y todas las diferentes opciones, pasando por educacià ³n en casa. Segà ºn el Centro Nacional de Estadà ­sticas para la Educacià ³n, 50.700.000 estudiantes estudian en escuelas pà ºblicas, es decir, la mayorà ­a de los pupilos en edad de estudios obligatorios. Las escuelas pà ºblicas se caracterizan por: ser gratuitas para los estudianteslos fondos provienen del gobierno federal, el estado, el condado, la municipalidad o una combinacià ³n de variosestn obligadas a admitir a los estudiantes que habitualmente residen en el distrito escolar En algunos estados se permite que los padres puedan elegir escuela. Tambià ©n es frecuente que se permitan alternativas a los padres cuando la calidad de las escuelas del lugar donde residen deja mucho que desear en cuanto a calidad, mediante el sistema que se conoce como voucher. Existen varios tipos de escuelas pà ºblicas. En primer lugar, estn las regulares. Algunas son excelentes. Adems de las regulares, estn las chapter, que son escuelas que funcionan con fondos pà ºblicos pero que son gestionadas privadamente por empresas, por cooperativas de maestros o, incluso, por padres o por comunidades. Existe una importante diferencia en calidad de la enseà ±anza entre distintas escuelas chapters, por lo que si esa es la opcià ³n de los padres es muy conveniente que investiguen antes de registrar a sus hijos. Adems, estn las escuelas pà ºblicas conocidas como magnet, que son escuelas pà ºblicas que destacan por su excelencia acadà ©mica. Se especializan en un rea acadà ©mica en particular. Las magnet se caracterizan por asegurar la diversidad à ©tnica y racial de sus estudiantes.  En esta base de datos se puede ver cules son las mejor calificadas en todo Estados Unidos, permitià ©ndose una bà ºsqueda por estados. Por otro lado, tambià ©n existen varios tipos de escuelas privadas en las que en la actualidad estudian poco menos de 6 millones de alumnos.  En este tipo de escuelas los estudiantes envà ­an una solicitud y deben esperar a ver si son admitidos. Asimismo, deben pagar por sus estudios, aunque hay casos en los que hay becas disponibles para los mejores estudiantes sin recursos econà ³micos. En Estados Unidos, donde 1 de cada 3 high schools son privadas, existen los siguientes tipos de escuelas de esta naturaleza: En primer lugar, estn las Escuelas independientes, que no pueden recibir fondos de grupos religiosos, aunque pueden tener una estrecha relacià ³n con ellos. Hay menos de 2,000 pero se encuentran dentro de esta categorà ­a las famosas  Phillips Academy  Andover, con un excelente sistema de becas para  estudiantes excelentes pero sin recursos,  y Exeter. En segundo lugar, hay escuelas parroquiales, que estn estrechamente vinculadas con una iglesia y son muy populares, conformando el mayor nà ºmero de escuelas privadas. En los Estados Unidos la mayorà ­a son catà ³licas, aunque tambià ©n las hay protestantes y judà ­as. Un aspecto a tener en cuenta es que son, en general, notablemente ms baratas que las escuelas independientes. En tercer lugar, destacar las escuelas privadas con fin de lucro, que se conocen en inglà ©s como proprietary schools.   Por à ºltimo, existe una alternativa a las escuelas pà ºblicas y a las privadas: la escolaridad en casa y es que en los Estados Unidos ms de un millà ³n y medio de estudiantes reciben la educacià ³n en sus casas, lo que se conoce como home schooling,  actuando como profesores sus padres, maestros-tutores contratados o, incluso, siguiendo cursos completos por internet. Los requerimientos en cuanto a la obligacià ³n de notificar esta opcià ³n de enseà ±anza, rendir exmenes o curriculum a seguir varà ­a enormemente entre los diferentes estados, por lo que es necesario informarse en profundidad de las reglas que rigen en el lugar de residencia habitual.    ¿Cà ³mo se dividen las escuelas por grados? Es muy comà ºn encontrar estos tipos de escuelas: En primer lugar, Primaria, conocida en inglà ©s como elementary school. Los muchachos estudian hasta los grados 5to o 6to, dependiendo de los distritos. Como regla general, hasta que tienen 11-12 aà ±os. En segundo lugar, Intermediaria, conocida en inglà ©s como middle school y tambià ©n como junior high. No existe en todos los distritos y donde sà ­ la hay, hay variacià ³n en los grados que la componen, siendo comà ºn que comprenda 4to, 5to y 6to grado. Se trata de un paso intermedio entre la primaria y la secundaria. En tercer lugar, Secundaria, conocida en inglà ©s como high school. comprende los grados 9 a 12 y comienza a la edad de 14-15 aà ±os. Hay una gran variedad de tipos de high school, como las especializadas en preparar para college y universidad, especiales, vocacionales  o alternativas. Las personas que alcanzan los 19 aà ±os de edad y no han obtenido el diploma de high school pueden sacar una certificacià ³n alternativa. La ms conocida es el GED, que tambià ©n se puede rendir en espaà ±ol. Pero hay otras opciones, dependiendo de los estados, como por ejemplo el TASC y el HiSET. Adems, en el caso de los mexicanos es posible obtener el certificado de bachillerato de Mà ©xico sin salir de los Estados Unidos.  ¿Quà © hay sobre la educacià ³n temprana  o pre-k? La educacià ³n temprana  no es obligatoria pero se brinda en un buen nà ºmero de escuelas pà ºblicas y privadas. Comienza a partir de los 3 aà ±os y el programa Head Start promueve la participacià ³n de nià ±os de bajos recursos. Los padres o tutores interesados deben consultar con las opciones en su lugar de residencia, ya que hay grandes diferencias entre distritos y estados. Escuelas, derechos migrantes y problemtica de visas Todos los nià ±os en edad de recibir educacià ³n obligatoria, es decir, en grados K-12 tienen derecho a asistir a una escuela pà ºblica en el distrito de su residencia habitual. Esto aplica por supuesto a los ciudadanos americanos, a los residentes permanentes y  Ã‚  tambià ©n a los nià ±os indocumentados. Asà ­ lo establecià ³ claramente una sentencia de la Corte Suprema que se conoce como Plyler v. Doe. Los padres, madres o tutores que confronten problemas por su estatus migratorio o el de sus nià ±os pueden contactar con Equity and Civil Rights, explicar su problema y solicitar que se cumpla la ley. Tambià ©n pueden asistir a las escuelas pà ºblicas los nià ±os presentes en los Estados Unidos con visas derivadas, como por ejemplo, la F-2, la H-4 o la J-2. Tambià ©n los hijos de extranjeros con visas de inversià ³n E-1 o E-2 vlidas. Sin embargo, la situacià ³n es muy diferente para el caso de nià ±os que ingresan a los Estados Unidos con visa de turista. Estudiar en una escuela pà ºblica significa que se est cometiendo una infraccià ³n migratoria y cada vez es ms frecuente que se le revoque la visa al nià ±o y tambià ©n a sus padres. Son varias las opciones de visa para estudiar en Estados Unidos que se brinda a esos nià ±os. Es muy importante entender que desde el punto de vista de la ley migratoria y las escuelas es muy distinta la situacià ³n de un nià ±o indocumentado, que sà ­ puede ir a las escuelas, y la de un nià ±o que ingresa al paà ­s con visa de turista y pretende asistir a una escuela pà ºblica. Estos  nià ±os no estn protegidos por Plyler v. Doe. Idioma, educacià ³n especial, vacunas y alimentos Si los nià ±os no hablan inglà ©s o si los padres desean que hablen con fluidez inglà ©s y espaà ±ol, pueden considerar los programas de educacià ³n que se brindan en uno o ambos idiomas. Hay una gran variedad de opciones, dependiendo del lugar de residencia. Madres, padres y tutores de nià ±os con situaciones especiales, como por ejemplo autismo, epilepsia, parlisis cerebral, etc deben explorar las diversas opciones de educacià ³n especial que mejor se ajusten a las necesidades de sus hijos. Hay opciones muy diversas, desde integracià ³n a escuelas especiales. Lamentablemente, las oportunidades no son las mismas y dependen en gran medida del lugar de residencia. Entre los requerimientos para registrar nià ±os para las escuelas es muy comà ºn el de pedir el rà ©cord de vacunas, si bien esto no es igual en todos los estados y hay importantes diferencias. En esta pgina en espaà ±ol de Los Centros para el Control y Prevencià ³n de Enfermedades se explica informacià ³n muy importante sobre dà ³nde llevar al nià ±o a vacunar, cules son las vacunas y la edad para recibirlas e incluso quià ©n puede obtener ayuda econà ³mica para las vacunaciones. Finalmente, destacar que todos los nià ±os enrolados en escuelas pà ºblicas o en privadas sin fin de lucro pueden recibir asistencia de alimentos si asà ­ lo precisan. Es indiferente su estatus migratorio y/o el de sus padres ya que lo à ºnico que se tiene en cuenta es la situacià ³n alimentaria del nià ±o. El programa ms grande es el Programa Nacional de Almuerzos Escolares. Tambià ©n destacar el Programa de Desayunos Gratuitos. Estas ayudas tambià ©n estn disponibles en verano cuando las escuelas no estn en activo. Despuà ©s de la educacià ³n obligatoria La enseà ±anza superior puede seguirse en colleges o universidades. Es importante considerar el costo e intentar evitar, en la medida de lo posible, llegar al momento de recibir el tà ­tulo con mucha deuda, ya que puede ser un gran lastre. Considerar las opciones de becas, debiendo los estudiantes excelentes esforzarse y animarse y creerse que pueden optar a lo mejor. Estas son 12 universidades de à ©lite que becan a todo tipo de estudiantes, incluidos los indocumentados. Tambià ©n considerar la opcià ³n de los colegios comunitarios, que resultan ms econà ³micos, adems de brindar otras ventajas. Puntos clave: educacià ³n en Estados Unidos En Estados Unidos, la educacià ³n de los nià ±os y adolescentes es obligatoria.Tipos de escuelas: pà ºblicas (50,7 millones de estudiantes) y privadas (5,9 millones de alumnos). Tambià ©n es legal recibir educacià ³n en casa, pero cada estado regula este derecho de diferente manera.Categorà ­as de escuelas pà ºblicas: regulares, chapter y magnet.Educacià ³n obligatoria y migracià ³n: por sentencia de la Corte Suprema Plyler vs. Doe de 1982, los nià ±os indocumentados tienen derecho a estudiar en escuelas pà ºblicas. Los nià ±os con visas derivadas hijos de trabajadores temporales o estudiantes internacionales tienen tambià ©n ese derecho. Por el contrario, es ilegal estudiar con una visa de turista. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

Land Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Land Law - Essay Example Part of the agreement signed with the tenants reads that he is not intending to create a tenancy. However, Peter signs documents detailing his relationship with the new occupants of the flats. He then considers selling the townhouse, and gets a suitable buyer in Joan. For Joan to purchase the townhouse, matters of the relationship between Peter and the current occupiers of the house are vital and she must evaluate them conclusively, concurrently projecting patterns of actions in view of legal inhibitors and enablers. In this paper I have looked deeply into the relationship between Peter and the existing tenants of his property, in order to establish whether, indeed, there is no effective tenancy agreement between him and the â€Å"occupants† as the agreement detailing their relationship deemed. Further, details of the types of tenancy available to Peter at the time he signed the agreements with the tenants and the implications they have are discussed. The fact that the townhouse is a freehold puts to rest any matters about eligibility of the sale, especially considering that no details of mortgages/ loans, or joint ownership are provided. Such matters would likely complicate the sale process. To begin with, Joan needs to study and establish the legality of the agreements signed between Peter and the present occupiers of the house. But before she can recover any documents from the seller, she has substantial background to base her claim to either evict or not to evict the tenants. In this part, I have provided enlightening notes on the types of tenancy available to the present occupiers, and the implications of each to the buyer in her pursuit for their eviction. In the pursuit of her right to evict the tenants, Joan needs to understand the types of tenants that she will be dealing with, and how much protection they have under law. In establishing whether a tenancy really exists between a

Employment Laws Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Employment Laws - Assignment Example However, if the individual that was sexually harassed brought charges against Sean and he was found guilty than this case is a matter of public record. If a court of law failed to find Sean guilty of sexual harassment than this is a breach of Sean's confidentiality and he will have cause to action to a defamation of character civil suit against the company. The civil suit that would be filed would entailed slander. According to Larons (2003), "Slander involves the making of defamatory statements by a transitory (non-fixed) representation, usually an oral (spoken) representation" (pp. 4). The woman in question maybe found liable if it is proven that Sean is innocent of this crime. However, proving this woman liable is quite hard. Jim was fired for misappropriating funds. Determining if Jim had cause of action against his former company will depend upon the facts of the case. Does the company have evidentiary support that Jim misappropriated funds In further does this evidence support the notion that this was done on purpose and not a miscalculation Did the misappropriated funds occur on more than one occasion All of these factors will determine if Jim has cause to action. Sean and Jim's cases are similar as they both need the support of evidence in order to prove their case.

Analysis Of Mans Search For Meaning English Literature Essay

Analysis Of Mans Search For Meaning English Literature Essay The purpose of this paper is to analyse Victor E Frankls Man Search for Meaning. The paper will discuss how Frankl finds meaning in the Nazi death camps and why are some people unable to find meaning. The paper will explain what I have determined to be the meaning of life. Introduction Mans Search for Meaning by Viktor E Frankl is one of the most impressive works of psychiatric literature after Freud. This 1946 book gives an account of the authors experiences while being an inmate in a concentration camp. He gives a detailed account of the psychotherapeutic method he gives to find a reason to live. Frankl believes that the books objective is to answer the question-How the daily routine life in a concentration camp is depicted though the mind of an average prisoner there. The first part of the book encompasses the analysis of Frankls experiences in the concentration camps. It gives lengthy and stark and profoundly moving personal essay about the imprisonment of Frankl in the concentration camp of Auschwitz and others for five years. He struggled during this time to determine the reasons to live. The second part, Logotherapy in a Nutshell, depicts the psychotherapeutic method that Frankl establish as a result of the days he spent in the concentration camps. He introduces his ideas of what exactly meaning is and what is logotherapy theory (Viktor E Frankl). finding meaning in the Nazi death camps One of the different believes that Frankl nurtured during this time was that mans strongest desire is to look for meaning and purpose. His logotherapy theory, (logos, a Greek word, denotes meaning) which is quite compatible with the Western religions, unlike Freuds, is an amusing, advanced and very human work. His personal and professional discussions conflate into a style of great power. He writes, Our generation is realistic, for we have come to know man as he really is. (Viktor E Frankl). Being a well-known Viennese psychiatrist, Viktor Frankl was able to scrutinize how he and the other inmates of the Nazi camp suffered in Auschwitz. He observed that the men actually comforted others. They even gave away their food and actually proved that life can take almost everything from them but cannot change their attitude towards it in any situation. The prisoner became a unique sort of person and it was due to an inner decision. The life in the camp was not an only influence. Only the prisoners who lacked a strong inner control on their ethical selves gradually became victim to the camps deteriorating environment. On the other hand, the prisoners who became victorious of the sufferings and harsh experiences eventually turned them into a triumph of the self (Viktor E Frankl). Frankl writes about the three psychological reactions which the inmates of the camp experienced to a great extent: shock after going through the preliminary phase of admission in the camp, Numbness after becoming used to the life in camp, where the inmate values only the thing which helps him and his fellow inmates survive reactions of reification, resentment, moral disfigurement and disenchantment from life if he is lucky enough to survive and is released. The meaning of life Ascertaining the meaning of life is the key theme of the book. The book makes you ask yourself -what is the meaning of my life? It even moves the people who have not thought about it. And for some of them it was a recurrent quest. The book made me think that it is certainly not an easy question to ask anyone. No denying that is one is not an easy question either to ask or to answer. However, Viktor Frankls Mans search for Meaning explores this question in a great detail. Why Mans search for Meaning helps in understanding the meaning of life, is because it is beautifully crafted book. Other than the precious details of the Frankls experience in the Nazi camps, the book also takes us to his philosophy by presenting logical details. The main theme of the book is the detailed explanation and development of Logotherapy therapy theory (Viktor E Frankl). As I understand Logotherapy, it says that a primary motivational force helps a person to come through any annihilating crisis is his or her constant search for meaning in life. Unlike the other theories such as Psychotherapy, Logotherapy is futuristic. It tries to help the person find out the meaning in life and what will make his or her life meaningful or to put in Frankls words, life-to-be-lived. Frankls idea to find meaning is in the midst of utmost suffering. Other people in the nazi camp were unable to find meaning in life because they wanted to run away from suffering and not just sit and understand it. Frankl does not say that suffering is important to find meaning in life-rather he says that understanding lifes meaning is possible even despite suffering (Viktor E Frankl). Frankl discovered that most of the prisoners died when they were doing less hard work and were suffering more than the people who survived. The survivors were supposed to be the people who had a vision of a glorious future for themselves despite the horrible present. They believed they were pursuing a meaning in life and refused to surrender to despair. The prisoners life and experience in a concentration camp was finally only a remembered nightmare. Even when the fear of Nazis was utmost, he knew that he has nothing left to be afraid of, except God. The true meaning in life for Frankl is to make others find their meaning. As a victim and a successful survivor of the dreadful Nazi concentration camp, his pursuit of meaning kept him from losing his last possession. His strong and incessant will to finish his manuscript destroyed earlier, became the key for his believe in life and survival. His dream to finally hold a complete manuscript in his hand, actually helped him to endure every hardship and suffering imposed upon him in the death camp (Viktor E Frankl). Conclusion Frankl concludes in Mans Search for Meaning that one can find the meaning of life is almost every moment of life, whether it is of suffering or of happiness. He believes that life never stops to have a meaning; it is just that a person has to find it out right on time. He learns a lot from his experiences in the camp and believes that a prisoners psychological reactions are not only caused by the sufferings or adverse conditions of his life, but also from the freedom of choice that he always has even at the time of suffering. The strong inner hold that a prisoner has on his spiritual self depends on his faith in the future. Once a prisoner loses his faith in future, he not only loses his track to find the meaning of life, but is also doomed.